Friday, April 27, 2012

Herbie Hancock: the roots of jazz are in humanity

 

Wednesday, April 25, 2012

Just Published "India Science and Technology 2010-11" Report by NISTADS, New Delhi, India

Just Published

India Science and Technology 2010-11

by
NISTADS, New Delhi, India


In today's global economy, the ability of a country to develop, adapt and harness its innovative potential is becoming critical for its long term economic performance. This fact acknowledged by the endogenous growth literature has generated proactive policy initiatives as reflected in the focus on innovation as a top government policy agenda in most developing and emerging economies of the world. India is no exception to this trend. Recently, the President of India has declared the present decade as the decade of innovation and the Prime Minister has called upon the country's scientists to unleash the best innovative potential in the innovation decade. Even though India is yet to formally adopt a national innovation policy, the different ministries and departments associated with various sectors have articulated and budgeted for three main innovation policy challenges: enhancing innovation potential in new technologies, building technological capabilities and competitiveness in the manufacturing and service sector and reconfiguring the formal and informal sectors. In this context, India's S&T Report 2010-11, the sequel to India S&T 2008 has been designed with innovation as its core concept. Thus the central focus of this year report is to identify the nature and extent of innovative activities in the country, to identify the lacunae in the innovation support mechanism and to suggest S&T interventions in the policy matrix so that India could be in the forefront on innovation activities.
India S&T Report 2010-11 is organised under following five themes: (i) S&T and Human Resources, (ii) S&T and Innovation Support System, (iii) S&T and Industry, (iv) S&T Outputs and Patents, and (v) S&T and Rural Development Strategies. While the content and approach of these five themes differ from each other, innovation occupies the central stage in each of these themes.
The theme S&T Human Resource presents different facets of S&T education in India. The coverage includes primary level of education, secondary level education as well as tertiary level of education. Moreover, this theme has also looked at the development in the sphere of professional educational namely technical as well as medical levels. Last but not least, this theme also gives detailed status of vocational education taking into account the skill development mission.
The theme S&T and Innovation Support System analyses the existing organisational arrangement for promotion of technological innovation in India. It encompasses not only organisations that are created specifically to promote innovation but also those that address issues that are considered as important components of innovations. The organisations are identified at different administrative levels extending from national, state, and district to field/village level. In the present edition of the Report, the focus is on the secondary sector of the economy.
The theme S&T and Industry analyses the various facets of innovation activities in the realm of manufacturing and service sector of modern India. Policy space, enabling environment for innovation, support mechanism, and performance of selected sectors in the realms of innovation – all occupies a place in this theme. The focus has also been on micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) of India in this theme to identify the tardiness in growth in this sector. In any economy, MSMEs play a significant role in respect of employment generation. In view of jobless growth of recent years, invigorating India's MSME sector through innovation is need of the hour. Further, we have attempted to address emerging green issues in this theme in view of India's commitment to green economy agenda.
The theme S&T Output and Patents assess to what extent a country is generating new knowledge and whether any 'tangible' component can be derived from it that can be appropriated by firms and/or other institutions in the country. Research papers (primarily in peer reviewed journals) and patents are the most commonly used 'proxy' to assess the intensity of knowledge creation and utilisation. So in this theme, the performance indicators – scientific publication and patents in particular – are analysed to understand India's performance in recent years.
The theme S&T and Rural Development:  Strategies and Capacities presents an overview of S&T strategies for rural development in India. The focus is on understanding the S&T capacities that exist, and how the knowledge and technologies are accessed and used for rural development.   Given the development agenda of Indian economy, this theme is centred around three sub-themes namely (a) Rural development: S&T strategy for poverty alleviation, (b) S&T strategies for agri/farm based livelihoods and (c) S&T strategies for non-farm/rural industrial development.
The report is targeted at a wide readership ranging from policy makers and advisors to academic readers as well as the common person. The contents of the report are:


Monday, April 23, 2012

2012 Emerald South Asia LIS Research Fund Award

2012 Emerald South Asia LIS Research Fund Award

Supporting Library and Information Science research in South Asia

Call for library and information science research proposals!

Emerald is delighted to offer a research grant for a project in the field of library and information science research. The award will offer £2,000 (approximately US$3,000 equivalent) to fund the winning research project. In addition to the research fund it is also hoped that the findings of the research can be published in one of Emerald's many excellent library and information studies titles.

A number of Highly Commended Awards may also be bestowed.

Applications should address the dissemination of knowledge with a specific orientation toward benefit for South Asia.

Eligibility

The main member of the research team must be of South Asian origin or be based in South Asia.

For the purpose of this award, South Asian countries are defined as: India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Pakistan and Maldives

Judging criteria

Each application was judged, by a panel of experts, on the criteria below. The research must:

  • Be of significance, and in particular, illustrate how it will benefit South Asia.
  • Demonstrate originality and innovation.
  • Make an outstanding contribution to theory and its application.
  • Illustrate the appropriateness and application of the methodology.
  • Demonstrate sound implications for theory and practice.


Application requirements

Each proposal must be submitted using the online application form at:
http://ww2.emeraldinsight.com/awards/southasia_lis.htm

The following documents will be required electronically:

  • A summary stating specific goals, outcomes and benefits of the research. This should not exceed 2,000 words (note that tables, figures, appendices and reference lists, if provided do NOT count to the 2,000 word total).
  • A covering letter containing full contact details (affiliation, full address, telephone number/s and e-mail address) for all researchers involved in the project. Please state clearly which researcher will be the main point of contact.

The 2,000-word summary must:

  • Display clearly a statement of purpose and intent.
  • State clearly the methodology(ies) applied and explicitly describe the research process.
  • State expected research outcomes and expected impact and possible application.
  • Specify the expected timescales of the research process.
  • Outline projected costs and total research grant required.

Key dates

The closing date for applications is 1 September 2012.
Winners will be announced in October 2012.

Contact

For further information, please contact:

Emma Stevenson
External Relations Executive

Emerald Group Publishing Limited
Howard House
Wagon Lane
Bingley BD16 1WA
United Kingdom

Tel: +44 (0)1274 785198
Fax: +44 (0)1274 785200
E-mail: estevenson@emeraldinsight.com

http://www.emeraldinsight.com/research/awards/southasia_lis.htm

Sunday, April 22, 2012

De Gruyter Saur / IFLA Research Paper Award 2012

Announcement

Reminder: De Gruyter Saur / IFLA Research Paper Award 2012

DEADLINE: 30 April 2012



de Gruyter logo IFLA logo




Sven Fund, Managing Director of De Gruyter Saur and Jennefer Nicholson, IFLA Secretary General

Invite submissions of papers for the De Gruyter Saur / IFLA Research Paper Award 2012

This is an annual award for the best research paper on a topic of importance to publishing and access to information.

Topic

Libraries and eBooks, challenges and chances"

Submissions are invited to focus on one of several of the following subthemes:

  • eBook challenges for libraries and how to solve them:
    • Contracts, terms and conditions
    • Access and preservation
    • Interoperability, rights and restrictions 
    • eBooks in daily workflow of the library
  • Strengthening the library-publisher relationship in the age of eBooks
  • How can libraries work with new players in the eBook market (Amazon and Apple)?
  • Social reading and innovation in the provision of library eBook services

The award is aimed at encouraging research and publication by those relatively new to the profession. Those with no more than eight years of professional experience in library and information services are eligible.

The award is an amount of EUR 1,000 (one thousand Euros)

The selected paper must have been written no earlier than January 2011 and not yet to have been published. The paper's maximum length should be approx. 5,000 words and should be submitted in English.

The selection panel for the award comprises two IFLA members, IFLA's Director of Policy & Advocacy and IFLA's Director of Communications & Services. All applicants will be required to give De Gruyter Saur the right to publish their submitted paper.

Both IFLA and De Gruyter Saur will announce and further publicize the award via their websites, relevant mailing lists, journals and newsletters, press conferences, news releases etc.

The recipient of the award will be announced at the IFLA President's Lunch during the IFLA World Library and Information Congress in Helsinki, August 2012. If the recipient is attending this Congress s/he will also be invited to the President's Lunch.

Papers, accompanied by the completed application form, must be submitted by 30 April 2012. Incomplete application forms will not be considered and the decisions of the jury are final.

Download the application: DOC | PDF

Fwd: 2012 ASIS&T SIG-III International Paper Contest for Developing Countries - Deadline: May 31, 2012



---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: Maqsood Shaheen <maqsood_shaheen@hotmail.com>


Announcement of the 2012 ASIS&T SIG-III International Paper Contest for Developing Countries

The Special Interest Group on International Information Issues (SIG-III) of the American Society for Information Science & Technology (ASIS&T) is pleased to announce its twelfth competition for papers to be submitted for the 2012 Annual Meeting, which will take place in Baltimore, Maryland, October 26-31, 2012. (http://asist.org/asist2012/)

Building from the overall conference theme, the theme for this year's paper contest is:"Information, Interaction, Innovation: Celebrating the Past, Constructing the Present, and Creating the Future". Papers could discuss issues, policies and case studies on specific aspects of the theme from a global and/or international perspective. Topics include, but are not limited to, the following core areas:

  • Intercultural Information Ethics: Critical reflection on the ethical challenges related to the global and cross-cultural production, storage, and distribution of information, as well as the ethical dimensions of the global development and implementation of information systems, infrastructures, and policies.
  • Information Behavior: Information needs, information seeking, information gaps and sensemaking in various contexts including work, interests or every-day life activities by individuals or groups.
  • Knowledge Organization: Indexing, index construction, indexing languages, thesaurus construction, terminology, classification of information in any form, tagging (expert, userbased, automatic), filtering, metadata, standards for metadata, information architecture.
  • Information Systems, Interactivity and Design: How people use and communicate with information systems; the design, use and evaluation of interactive information technologies and systems, including interfaces and algorithms; search and retrieval, browsing, visualization, personalization.
  • Information and Knowledge Management: Information and knowledge creation, transfer and use at the personal, group, organizational and societal levels. The management of the processes and systems that create, acquire, organize, store, distribute, and use information and/or knowledge. Selected papers will be published in the International Journal of Information Management.
  • Information Use: How people re-purpose existing knowledge from a variety of sources (scientific, humanities, news, family, friends, colleagues), forms (articles, books, video, audio, tweets), locations (work, home, in transit) and mediums (cell-phones, PDAs, digital libraries) to advance knowledge, solve problems, improve information literacy, and learn.
  • Information and Society: Economic, Political, Social Issues: Copyright issues, policies and laws; national and international information policies; privacy and security; economics of information, personal rights vs. freedom of information; surveillance; globalization and the flows of information; computerization movements; social informatics.

Selection Criteria

There will be up to three winners who will be selected by a panel of judges including: Maqsood Shaheen (IRC, US Embassy Islamabad), -Alma Rivera (Universidad Iberoamericana Ciudad de México), and, Fatih Oguz (University of North Carolina at Greensboro).

The judging criteria will be based on:

  1. Originality of paper in the developing world and global information ecosystem (originality of the project described, etc.)
  2. Relevance to the paper contest theme
  3. Quality of argument, presentation and organization

Eligibility & Information for authors
 
Only papers by a principal author who is a citizen of, and resides in a developing country are eligible. Winners in the 2008-2011 contests are not eligible. The papers should be original, unpublished, and submitted in English. We encourage submissions from librarians, information and network specialists, and educators involved in the creation, representation, maintenance, exchange, discovery, delivery, and use of digital information.

Award

The award for each winner is a two-year individual membership in ASIS&T. In the case of multiple authors, the principal author will be awarded the ASIS&T membership. In addition, depending on SIG III fundraising for this competition, the first place winner will be rewarded a minimum of $1,000 toward travel, conference registration, and accommodations while attending the ASIS&T Annual Conference in Baltimore, Maryland, October 26-31, 2012..

Style

The international paper contest committee requires that submissions follow the International Information and Library Review instructions to authors. Detailed information is available under the heading, Guide for Authors at:

Publishing opportunities

Submitted papers will be considered for inclusion in a special issue of the International
Information and Library Review, subject to the usual peer refereeing process, for that journal.

ASIS&T Copyright Policy

ASIS&T will have the non-exclusive right to publish any of the papers submitted on its web site or in print, with ownership and all other rights remaining with the author.

Deadline for submission of full papers: Authors are invited to submit manuscripts, not to exceed 5,000 words, by May 31, 2012, to Maqsood Shaheen at ShaheenMA@gmail.com, preferably as Microsoft Word or PDF attachments.

Wednesday, April 18, 2012

Panel Discussion on Rabindranath Tagore: Beyond Poetry - Exploring the Myriad-Minded Personality; IHC 21-04-12

Calcutta Presidency College Alumni Association, Delhi organizes a

Panel Discussion on

Rabindranath Tagore: Beyond Poetry - Exploring the Myriad-Minded Personality

Panelists:
- Shri Jatin Das on "Painter Rabindranath"
- Shri Jawhar Sircar on "Internationalist Rabindranath"
- Dr. Nitish Sengupta on "Nationalist Rabindranath"
- Dr. Ramprasad Sengupta on "Economist Rabindranath"
- Shri Sudhir Chanda on "Composer Rabindranath"
- Prof. Sudhir Sopory on "Educationist Rabindranath"

Venue: Gulmohar Hall, India Habitat Centre, New Delhi
Date: Saturday, 21st April 2012
Time: 6:45 pm
Tea: 6:30 pm

All are Cordially Invited. 

International Training Course "Contemporary Management Strategies in IPR Relevant to NAM and Other Developing Countries", Manesar, Gurgaon, India, 16-20 July 2012

International Advanced Training Course "Contemporary Management Strategies in Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Relevant to NAM and Other Developing Countries"

Manesar, Gurgaon, India

16-20 July 2012


Greetings from the Centre for Science and Technology of the Non-Aligned and Other Developing Countries (NAM S&T Centre)!!

With the success of an earlier 6-days 'International Advanced Training Course on Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) for NAM and Other Developing Countries' organised by the NAM S&T Centre in India two years ago with participation of 28 countries, and due to the huge interest and demand thereafter for a similar scientific event, the NAM S&T Centre is now organising a programme, 2nd in the series, titled International Advanced Training Course on 'Contemporary Management Strategies in Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) relevant to NAM and Other Developing Countries' at Manesar, Gurgaon, India during 16-20 July 2012 with the financial support from the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India. Manesar is located about 40 Km South of New Delhi in another State of India, Haryana.

The training course will cover, among others, the principles of IPR, international treaties, protection of genetic resources and traditional knowledge, IP valuation and licensing, developing institutional IPR policies, technology tracking through IP mapping, emerging dimensions in IPR such as compulsory licensing and counterfeiting, and creation and management of IPR portfolios. The Course is suitable for participation of middle and senior level officers handling S&T management in the developing countries.

Request for participation in this International Advanced Training Course may please be sent to the NAM S&T Centre (E-mail: namstcentre@gmail.com, namstct@bol.net.in) by completing the Nomination Form, a copy of which is included in the attached Announcement (also available on the Centre's website www.namstct.org).

The following may please be noted:
(a) The last date for submission of the application in the prescribed Nomination Forms is Friday, 15th June 2012.
(b) The Nomination Form should be filled in completely without leaving any column blank. The required enclosures should be sent along with the Nomination Form.
(c) Only limited seats are available for participation in this event. Since a large number of applications are expected, early response is advisable to avoid disappointment. No application shall be considered after the closure of the last date.
(d) The selection will be strictly on merit of the presentation material submitted by the applicants, their academic background and professional experience and interest of their parent organisations in the subject area.
(e) It is mandatory for all participants to make a scientific presentation during the Training Course. Accordingly, an extended abstract (in MSWord) of the paper proposed to be presented during the event must be attached with the Nomination Form.
(f) All foreign participants will be provided transportation between Indira Gandhi International Airport of New Delhi and venue of the Training Course in Manesar. They will also be provided free local hospitality, including accommodation, meals and local transport, during 15th (noon) to 21st July 2012 (noon) (i.e. commencing from one day before and for an additional day after the conclusion of the programme). The participants will have to make own arrangement to stay beyond these dates and should therefore arrange their flight schedules accordingly.
(g) For applications received from those member countries of the NAM S&T Centre, which are regularly paying their annual subscription: The NAM S&T Centre will provide to and fro international airfare to/from New Delhi, India by Excursion Class by Shortest Route to only one official nominee of each country, provided the application is routed through the Focal Point of the NAM S&T Centre in the applicant's country. In this connection, the Focal Points may please note that the NAM S&T Centre will accept only one official nomination for full financial support by the Centre. All additional nominations received from the Focal Points would be considered, but such applicants would have to arrange for their own international fare and would also be required to make payment of a Processing Fee of US$800 to the Centre in advance.
(h) For applications received from the member countries of the NAM S&T Centre defaulting on the payment of their annual dues: All the applicants as well as the nominees of the Focal Points from those of the member countries that are overdue on the payment of their annual subscription will make their own arrangement for international travel and will also be required to make payment of a Processing Fee of US$800 to the Centre in advance.
(i) For nominations received from the S&T-Industry Network Members of the NAM S&T Centre: The NAM S&T – Industry Network entitles each Network member,which has no outstanding dues against its membership subscription, to get invitation to participate with full finances paid by the Centre for participation in appropriate activities organised by the Centre. Accordingly, if a Network member has not yet fully availed of this privilege and desires to make a nomination for attending this Training Course, the NAM S&T Centre will provide to and fro international airfare to New Delhi, India by Excursion Class by Shortest Route to the official nominee of the Network member. Any additional nominee(s), as well as the nominees of those S&T-Industry Network Members, which are overdue on the payment of their annual network membership subscription, will make their own arrangement for international travel and will also be required to make payment of a Processing Fee of US$800 to the Centre in advance.
(j) For all other applicants (except from India): Completed Nomination Form along with a Processing Fee of US$800 may please be sent directly to the NAM S&T Centre. Such applicants will make their own arrangement for international travel.
(k) For all applicants from India: Completed Nomination Form may please be sent directly to the NAM S&T Centre. Such applicants will make their own arrangement for travel and stay. The selected Indian participants, except those nominated by DST, will be required to pay a Processing Fee of Rs. 25,000 to the NAM S&T Centre.
(l) Other details are available in the attached Announcement.
(m) Information on the member countries and S&T-Industry Network members of the NAM S&T Centre and names/addresses of the Focal Points may be seen on the Centre's website www.namstct.org.
(n) As far as possible, all correspondence may please be made by email. All documents may be prepared in MSWord Format or electronically scanned and sent as attachments to the email.
(o) English will be the official language of the International Training Course.

This is a general circular and you are requested to kindly forward this announcement to the concerned Ministries/Departments, S&T organisations, universities and academic institutions, related agencies and individual experts in your country. We solicit your kind cooperation.

Arun P. Kulshreshtha, PhD
Director and Executive Head
Centre for Science & Technology of the Non-Aligned and Other Developing Countries (NAM S&T Centre)
Core 6A, 2nd Floor, India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road
NEW DELHI - 110 003 (INDIA)
Phone: (+91)(11) 24645134/24644974 (O)
Mobile: (+91) 9810442742
Fax: (+91)(11) 24644973
E-mail: namstcentre@gmail.com, apknam@gmail.com
Homepage: http://www.namstct.org

Wednesday, April 11, 2012

Emerald's Journal of the Week feature provides free weekly access to two of Emerald's high quality journals.

Journal of the Week


The world's leading publisher of management research

Image: new journal launches

Emerald's Journal of the Week feature provides free weekly access to two of Emerald's high quality journals.

Check the list below to see which journals we will be featuring over the coming months. You will be able to access, free of charge, all content from the featured journals.

Simply click on one of the two active journals and you will be taken to the table of contents page where the free issues will be highlighted. Check back regularly for updates.

Current Journals of the Week

Forthcoming Journals of the Week

09/04/12 Journal of Educational Administration International Journal of Educational Management
16/04/12 International Journal of Public Sector Management The International Journal of Leadership in Public Services
23/04/12 Multicultural Education & Technology Journal Journal of International Education in Business
30/04/12 Construction Innovation International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance
07/05/12 China Finance Review International Grey Systems
14/05/12 Baltic Journal of Management Journal of Health Organization and Management
21/05/12 International Journal for Lesson and Learning Studies Tizard Learning Disability Review
28/05/12 Cross Cultural Management Journal of Adult Protection
04/06/12 Corporate Governance International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care
11/06/12 Circuit World Soldering & Surface Mount Technology
18/06/12 Asian Education and Development Studies info
25/06/12 Pacific Accounting Review Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies
02/07/12 Multinational Business Review Journal of Asia Business Studies
09/07/12 Rapid Prototyping Journal Pigment & Resin Technology
16/07/12 Structural Survey Journal of Facilities Management
23/07/12 Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal Managerial Auditing Journal
30/07/12 British Food Journal International Journal of Wine Business Research
06/08/12 Aslib Proceedings Nutrition & Food Science
13/08/12 Chinese Management Studies International Journal of Emergency Services
20/08/12 International Journal of Event and Festival Management Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes
27/08/12 Journal of Accounting in Emerging Economies Meditari Accountancy Research
03/09/12 International Journal for Researcher Development International Journal of Mentoring and Coaching in Education
10/09/12 Journal of Money Laundering Control Journal of Financial Crime
17/09/12 Quality Assurance in Education Education + Training
24/09/12 Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology Tourism Review
01/10/12 Asian Review of Accounting Asian Journal on Quality
08/10/12 International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management International Journal of Managerial Finance
15/10/12 Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education History of Education Review
22/10/12 International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and Structures
29/10/12 Competitiveness Review Journal of Assistive Technologies
05/11/12 EuroMed Journal of Business Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy
12/11/12 Higher Education, Skills and Work-based Learning Journal of Organizational Ethnography
19/11/12 Quality in Ageing and Older Adults Journal of Children's Services
26/11/12 Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal Management Research
03/12/12 Smart and Sustainable Built Environment British Journal of Forensic Practice
10/12/12 International Journal of Emerging Markets critical perspectives on international business
17/12/12 Social Care and Neurodisability Safer Communities

Monday, April 2, 2012

India Perspectives Tagore Issue June 2010

India Perspectives
Tagore Issue June 2010


Download English edition http://mea.gov.in/mystart.php?id=50052010englishjun
Download Bengali edition http://www.meaindia.nic.in/mystart.php?id=50052010banglaMay

Table of Contents
  • Winged Surprises: Lyrics and Melodies of Tagore
  • LADLY MUKHOPADHYAY 6
  • The Poet's School
  • SUPRIYO TAGORE 12
  • Tagore, Gitanjali and the Nobel Prize
  • NILANJAN BANERJEE 20
  • Rabindranath Tagore as a Painter
  • SANJOY KUMAR MALLIK 26
  • In Search of a New Language for Theatre
  • ABHIJIT SEN 38
  • The Scientist in Tagore
  • PARTHA GHOSE 46
  • Tagore: The Seer and Interpreter
  • ERNEST RHYS 50
  • Tagore and Rural Reconstruction
  • UMA DASGUPTA 86
  • Tagore and his Times: The Idea of Asia
  • SUGATA BOSE 90
  • Tagore: The Golden Bridge between Great Civilizations of India and China
  • TAN CHUNG 96
  • Tagore's Visit and its Impact on China's Literary World
  • YIN XINAN 101
  • Man at the Centre of Universe: Tagore's Ideas on Complete Education
  • UDAYA NARAYANA SINGH 104
  • Tagore and Technical Education
  • B.N. PATNAIK 110
  • Equal Music: Infl uence of Tagore on other Painters
  • INA PURI 116
  • Tagore: From the 21st Century Perspective
  • ILKE ANGELA MARÉCHAL 122
  • 'Blessed am I that I am born to this land': A Biographical sketch of Tagore
  • PURBA BANERJEE 127
  • The Wayfaring Poet
  • AMRIT SEN 52
  • Tagore's Religion
  • SABUJKOLI SEN 60
  • Gandhi and Tagore
  • AMARTYA SEN 66
  • Touched by Tagore
  • MARTIN KÄMPCHEN 70
  • Tagore's Swadeshi Samaj: Debates on Nationalism
  • BIKASH CHAKRAVARTY 76
  • Rabindranath's Role in Women's Emancipation
  • KATHLEEN M. O'CONNELL 80